Building construction



` May 16,1935 c. MoRRr-:LL 2,158,081

BUILDINGoNsTRUGTI'oN Filedneg 11, 193e 1o she''ss'het 1 5 M /k V mm M 5.

a rfv L@ w N uw W w/ w "um, ffm A ,i in! 8 My 16, 1939- v J. c. MORELL 2,158,081

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 1l, 1936 l0 Sheets-Sheet 2 May 16, 1939-- J. c. MORRELL J2,158,081

n BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed Deo. ll, 1936 10 Sheets-Sheet 3 @Ew/uffa May 15 *1939. v J'. c. MORRELI.V 2,158,081

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION lNvENToR May 16, 1939. J. c. MORRELL FIG. 29

.1. c. MORRELL, 2,158,081, v

BUILDING VCONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. 11, 193s losheets-shet e May 16,1939- J. c.-MORRE| L I 2,158,081

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION l0 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Dec. l1, 1956 FIG. 4l

' i gl l Flc. 42

.IIIIIIHIH FIG. 40y

FIG. 45

J. c. MORRELL 2,158,081

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION May 16, 1939.

lO Sheets-Sheet 8 *Filed D. ll, 1936 May 16, 1939. JL c. MoRRELL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed Deo. 1l, 1936 10 SheeLS-Sheel'l 9 Milf/1A:

afec( (val May 16,'1939. J. c. MoRRELL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed Dec. Vi1, 195s' lO Sheets-Sheet 10 INVENTOR Patented May 16, 1939 UNITED STATES- PATENT OFFICE 18 Claims.

This invention refers to an` improved method and means of wall construction which is particularly adapted for use in buildings, such as residences, for example, wherein protection against heat and loss of heat is essential.

The invention is concerned, principally, with an improved method and means of installing and retaining wall slabs, preferably composed of material possessing good insulating qualities, in the w walls of such a structure. These slabs are placed between spaced stud members in the outer walls of the structure and are affixed to the adjacent studs and thus retained in place in the wall by various alternative but nonequivalent methods l5 and means which do not impair the good insulating characteristics of the slabs, or of the wall as a whole. Preferably the slabs are of a substantially greater thickness than the studs and are` so placed in relation to the studs as to provide a inner and outer faces of the studs and the inner and outer faces of the wall. f

In one specific embodiment of the invention,

wherein the structural frame work of theouter walls of a building includes spaced metal studs such as, for example, H columns, I beams, or

channels, having anges substantially parallel to opposite faces of the wall, the slabs of insulating material, thicker than the studs and extending a substantial distance beyond opposite faces of the studs, are attached to the latter by members embedded in the slabs between opposite faces thereof, which members protrude from the edges of the slabs adjacent 'the studs and are attached to the studs by suitable hanger-clips or brackets.

Two general forms and several specific forms of the above mentioned embedded members may be employed within the scope of the invention. One

of said general forms comprises a suitable bar, rod, tube, or the like which maybe embedded in the slabs at the time the latter is fabricated, or at any time prior to its placement in the wall, the embedded members being attached to the studs als the slab is placed. In the other general form, the embedded members are separable from the slabs, the latter being provided with means for inserting the embedded members therein after the slabs are placed in position in the wall. Either of the two general types of embedded members above mentioned may eithercxtend between and protrude from oppositevertical edges of the slab, or may extend only part Way .into

substantial thickness of insulation between the embedded in the slab may be anchored thereto in one or several manners which will be later described.

The accompanying diagram drawings, comprising Figs. 1 to 55 inclusive, illustrates severald modifications of the two general forms of attach-i ing means provided by the invention, and illustrates the use of each in a wall having spaced stud members, for attaching relatively thick slabs of insulating material to the studs. le

Fig. 1 of the drawings, is an elevationalview of a portion of a wall in which the attaching means for the Wall slabs extend between and penetrate adjacent vertical edges of said slabs.

Fig. 2 is a sectional plan view of the same Wall 15 taken along a plane indicated by line 2--2 in Fig. l.. Fig. 3 illustrates the same wall in vertical cross-section taken along a plane indicated by line 3-3 in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 isa vertical crosssection of the lower portion of the same walliw taken along plane indicated by line 4 4 in Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is'a sectional plan view of a portion of the same general type of wall as shown in Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive, the section being taken through a stud and illustrating an alternative form of hanger-clip or bracket which may be employed for attaching the members embedded in the slabs to the studs. Fig. 6 is a vertical cross-section of the lower portion of the wall illustrated in Fig. 5 and is taken along the plane indicated by line 6-6 in Fig. 5. Fig.,7 is a Vertical elevation of a portion of a wall similar to that shown in Fig. l, except that a modified form of means is employed for attaching the slabs to the stubs. Fig. 8 is a plan a5 view of Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is a fragmentary vertical cross-section of the wall taken parallel to the face of the wall through a stud, as indicated by line 9-9 in Fig. 8. Fig. l0 is a fragmentary vertical cross-section of the wall taken in a direction at right angles to that of Fig. 9, as indicated by line Ill--Ill in Fig. 8. Fig. ll is a vertical elevation of a portion of a wall having spaced stud members and superimposed slabs of insulated material extending therebetween, the slabs being attached to the studs'by means of bars extending between' op'- .posite vertical edges of the slabs and embedded in recesses provided in the horizontal edges of the adjacent superimposed slabs. Portions of some 50 of the wall slabs are cut away in this view to better illustrate the horizontal bar, stud and attaching clip. Fig. l2 is a sectional plan View -of Fig. 1l taken along the horizontal plane indicated yby line l2l2 in Fig. 11. Fig. 13 is a cross- 5g Fig. 12. l Fig. 15 is a sectional plan view of a portion of a wallsimilar to that of Fig. 12, except that av modified form of hanger-clip or bracket is employed for attaching the bars embedded in the slabs to the studs. Fig. 16 is a vertical crosssection of the lower portion of the same wall illustrated in Fig. taken along the plane indicated by line lS-IG in Fig 15.

15 Figs. 17, 18, and 19 are, respectively, an elevation, plan and side view of a slab of wall material adapted to extend between adjacent studs in the walls of a structure and containing embedded rods or tubular elements extending only part way 20 into the slab from opposite vertical edges thereof, with the embedded ends anchored to the slab, and with protruding end adapted to engage hanger-clips or brackets attached to the studs. Fig. 20 is a perspective view of the upper corner of the slab illustrated in Figs. 17, 18 and 19 showing the proiiled vertical and horizontal edges of the slab, and the protruding end of a rod embedded in the slab. Fig. 21 is a. plan View of a portion of a wall, taken through a stud and il- 80 lustrating how slabs such as shown in Figs. 17, 18, 19 and 20 may be attached to the stud. Fig. 22 is a vertical section of a portion of the wall illustrated in Fig. 21, taken along lthe plane indicated by line 22--22 in Fig. 21.

Fig. 23 is similar to Fig. 21, except that a modined form of clip or anchor is used for attaching the embedded members in the slabs to the stud.

Figs. 24, 25 and 26 are, respectively, a fragmentary elevation, partially insection, a fragmentary sectional plan view and a fragmentary" somewhat modiiled means of anchoring the em-v 'F bedded rods to the slabs. Fig. 31 is a horizontal cross-Section of a vertical edge portion of a slab showing another modified form of embedded member which is self-anchoring.

Fig. 32 is an elevation, partially in section, of a 5 portion of a wall .employing spaced stud members, solid slabs of wall material disposed therebetween and another means of attaching the wall slabs to the studs. Fig. 33 is a cross-sectional plan view of Fig. 32'taken along a horizontal plane indicated by une ca -s3 in Fig. 32. Fig. 34

is a vertical cross-section, in enlarged detail, of

the means illustrated in Figs. 32 and 33 for attaching the slabs to the studs. Fig. 35 is a plan view of one end of the attaching means shown in Fig. 34. Figs. 36 and 37 are, respectively, an

elevation and a cross-sectional plan viewof a stud member such as shown in Figs. 32 and 33, illustrating one form of bracket or hanger-clip which 7 may be employed in this speciiic embodiment of the invention. Figs. 38 and 39 correspond to Figs.

v 36 and 37,1respectively, and illustrate another specic form of bracket or hanger-clip.

' Figs. 40, 41 and 42 are, respectively, an eleva- 15 timplanfviewandsldeviewoi'aslab ofwallmatach the slab to the studs. Fig. 43 is a sectional l5 Y plan view of a portion of a wall, showing howlslabs such as illustrated in Figs. 40, 41 and 42 maybe attached to a stud. Fig. 44 is a vertical crosssection of a portion of the same\wall illustrated in Fig. 43, taken along a pianeindieated by une 10 44-44 in Fig. 43.4

Figs. 45, 46 and 47 are, respectively, an elevation (partially in section) a sectional plan view and a vertical cross-section of a portion of a wall slab anda stud member, illustrating a slab-fas- 15 tening member hingedly attached-to the stud and embedded in the slab along a horizontal edge of the same and anchored thereto. Fig. 47 is taken along a horizontal plane through the stud, as' indicated by une 41-41 in Fig. 45. 20

Figs. 48, 49 and 50 are an elevation (partially in section), a sectional plan view and a cross` sectional elevation, respectively, of a somewhat different form of wall, havingspaced stud members with slabs of building material deposed therebetween, the slabs being held in place by auxiliary members attached to the studs at spaced intervals and projecting into grooves provided along the edge portions of the slabs adjacent the studs. Fig. 49 represents a section of the wall taken along a horizontal piane indicated by line 49-49 in Fig.

48. Fig. 50 represents al section through the proiile which occurs on opposite vertical edges o1' the slab.

Figs-52,53 and 54 illustrate, respectively, an elevation, a sectional plan viewl and a vertical cross-section of another wall employing spaced stud members, with slabs of building material deposed therebetween and held in place by horizontal members attached to the studs at spaced intervals. Fig. 53 represents a section taken along-a horizontal plane indicated by line 53--53 in Fig. 52. Fig. 54 represents a vertical crosssection through the wall taken along a plane in dicad byline 54-541n Fig. 53. .5

Fig. 55 is a vertical cross-section through thev wall anda portion of the oors and roof of a building Vand is intended to illustrate a typical form of two story construction in which the fea- 55 tures of the invention are employed.

Referring to Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive, the spaced stud members I are shown as I-beams in this particular case, although H-columns, channels or the like may be employed when desired. The'w studs are mountedon a suitable base plate 2" which, in the case here illustrated, is embedded in the foundation 3 and the studs are surmounted by .a suitable load-distributing member I, which is shown as an I-beam in this particular case, althougha channel, angle, T-bar or the like may be employed, when desired. The studs may be welded or otherwise attached in anyv conventional manner at their upper and lower ends to the respective plates 4 and 2. 70

The wall slabs 5 which, as here illustrated. are preferably substantially thicker and the studs may be substantially the same height as the stud members or, as in the case here illustrated. may be divided into a plurality of shorter superimposed slabs. A portion of the slab is cut away along each vertical edge, as'illustrated. to allow a major portion of the slab to passbetween the ilanges of the adjacent studs, leaving a flanged portion 6 along one face of each vertical edge of the slab which registers against the faceof the stud and locates the slab in'its proper posi-v tion in the wall. The opposite face of each stud is covered by auxiliary 4strips or blocks ofinsulating material, indicated'in the drawings at 'I and 8, so that each stud is completely enclosed in and covered by a substantial thickness of insulating material. Insulating material in plastic form, preferably with a suitable binder, may of course, be employed when desired, instead of strips or blocks 1 and 8.

Each of the slabs 5 is provided with one or a plurality of embedded members 9 which, in this particular case, comprise tubular elements extending between opposite vertical edges of theslab. Suitable openings may be provided inthe slab into which members 9 may be insertedbefore the slab is placed in position in the wall or members 9 may be .included in the slab as it is built up, particularly in case the slab is composed of laminations of fibrous insulating material or of a moulded or cast'material. A

A hanger-clip or bracket I0 is attached to the flanges on the opposite faces of each stud, by welding or in any other suitable manner, not illustrated, with the face of the clip or bracket extending beyond the flanges of the stud, as shown, in such a manner that suitable projecting portions II disposed at -the opposite ends of each member 9 engage slots I2 provided in hangers Ill and thus secure the slabs to the studs and retain the same in their proper position in the wall.

The openings in slabs 5, into which blocks 8 are fitted after the slabs are placed, are provided to allow the slabs to pass the spaced hangers I0 as they are' .placed between adjacent studs. The slabs are placed between the studs from one side of the wall at a slightly higher elevation than their normal position in the wall, in order that the projecting portions Il of members 9 will not interfere with hangers I0, and after flanges 6 have been registered with the flanges of studs I the slab is lowered to its normal position, whereupon the protruding ends II of members 9 engage the slots I2 of hangers Ill, locking the slabs in position. v

In the particular case here illustrated, the protruding ends II of members 9 are separate pieces threaded into opposite ends of each tubular member in order to permit the insertion of the tubular members 9 into openings of substantially the same size provided in the slabs. However, in case members 9'are built; into the slabs, the end portions II may be integral therewith, or, in either case, one end portion may be integral, when desired.

Also, in the particular case here illustrated, a tongue and groove construction, such as indicated at I3 in Fig. 4, or any other suitable arrangement not shown, is, preferably provided between the horizontal edges of adjacent superimposed slabs, serving to join the adjacent slabs and serving as a seal against the infiltration of air through the wall.

Obviouslyjfin order to register the uppermost member 9 with the uppermost hanger I0, a space is left in the wall immediately beneath member 4 of the framework and above the uppermost wall slab. l In the particular case here illustrated, this space, which remains after the slab is lowered to the same wall material. These strips or blocks vI4 may be securely retained in' position, in any desiredfmanner and, as here illustrated, are so retained by means of suitable spikes I5 extending through openings provided in the lower flange of member 4,-into the strips or blocks and, preferably, through the latter into slab 5.

- The fragmentary portion of the wall shown in Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive, illustrates a portion of the outer walls of a building, such as a house, and the ends of suitable oor joists, not shown, which may be either wood, metal,` concrete, or the.' like may be rested upon the projecting portion I6 of foundation 3 or upon a suitable plate, not illustrated, which may be attached thereto. The ceiling or second-story oor joists, not shown, may rest upon either the upper or lower ange of member 4, which, in the case of a one-story structure, may also carry conventional' rafters or roof trusses, notvshown. In the caseof a twostory structure, the wall may be built up from the upper flange of member 4 in the same manner as the lower story wall is bulit up from member 2 and, of course, more than two stories may be constructed, when desired, in the same man-- ner. A section of a typical two-story wall showing the floor and ceiling joists and the roof is shown in Fig. 55, which will be later described.

In order to cover and protect the outer 'face' of member 4 a suitable block or strip of insulation I1 may be provided which, in the particular case here illustrated, is held in. place by'a flanged portion I8, disposed along the outside I.

as does clip or bracket I0 of Figs. 1 to 4 inclusive,

beyond the flanges of the stud to which they are attached in order that bar 9 may be shorter than the distance between the flanges of adjacent studs and still engage the slots in the clips or brackets atits opposite ends. be either welded, riveted or bolted to the studs, except that clips I9 are attached to the web of the studs instead of, as in the case of clips I0, to their flanges..

. The same reference numbers are utilized inl each of the Figs. 1 to 6 inclusive, to designate the same members of the assembled wall.

Figs. 7, 8 and 10 correspond, respectively, to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 and illustrate a portion of a wall similar to that of Figs. l to 4 inclusive, except that a different method and means is employed for attaching the slabs to the studs. Fig. 9 is a sectional elevation ofv a-portion ofthe. wall taken through a stud member along a vertical plane indicated by line 9-9 in Fig. 8. In the specific form of the invention illustrated in Figs. '7 to l0 inclusive, the wall slabs and studs are designated by the same reference numbers as in Figs, 1 to 6 inclusive and may be of substantially identical form, except that the fastening members attached to the studs, as well as those partially embedded in the slab, are of somewhat diierent form. The longitudinal partially embedded members are here designated by the reference number 20 and are each provided at their opposite`` Clips I9, likel clips I0, may

' readily turning in the slab so that hooks 2| are.

easily maintained in an upright position. Round rods or tubes may, of course, be employed, when desired, although they are not-preferred with thisspeeiilc form of attaching means. The slabs may be placed in position in the wall and the separate members of the attaching means engaged in the same manner as above described in connection with Figs. 1 to 6.

Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 correspond, re-

spectively, to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and illustrate a portion of a similar wall which, instead of employing rods or tubes extending through the slab at points intermediate the horizontal edges there- 'dicate the same elements of the wall and the description thereof is the same in both cases, except that in Figs. 11 to 16 inclusive the slabs 5, instead of having the tongue andgroove arrangement along their adjacent horizontal edges and instead of having rods, extending through the slabs intermediate their horizontal edges, each has a groove along each horizontal edge which receives a portion of the corresponding ber 24, the opposite ends of which'engage thesnitted portion I2 of the clips or hangers l0 or I3, as the case may be.

Another diierence between the wall illustrated in Figs. 1 to 6 inclusive and that shown in Figs. 11 to 16 inclusive, is that, in the latter case, the base plate or channel 2 is inverted on the foundation 3 and the flanges of the channel engage recesses provided in the bottom edge of the lowermost slab 5, thus obviating the necessity of employing a bar 24 at this point. l

In constructing the wall of Figs. 11 to 16 inclusive, the lowermost slabl 5 between each pair of adjacent studs is first registered along its lower edge with the flanges of channel 2 and. then tipped .into position between the studs withA the anges 6 along the vertical edges of the slab bearing against the adjacentiaces of the studs I. The lowermostv bar 24 isthen dropped into position, registering with the groove provided along the upper horizontal edge of the slab and with slots i 2 in the hanger-clips. The next higher slab is then registered along the groove in its bottom edge with the upper half oi the lowermost bar 24. and, after this slab is tipped into position, the next bar 24 is dropped into place to register with the groove along the upper edge of the slab and engage the slots I2 of the hanger-clips. 'Ihis is continued until the topmost slab 5 is placed. 'I'he upper horizontal edge or this topmost slab is of different form than the upper edges oi' the lower slabs, being cut at an angle as indicated in Fig. 13, so that it will pass beneath member 4 and, preferably, having a ilanged portion I6 which helps to retain block or strip I1 in place. The upper edge of this uppermost. slab is pinned in place by means of spikes, or the like, such as4 indicated at I5, which pass through holes provided in the lower iiange of member v4 into the slab.

alsacienv The slabs of wall material illustrated in Figs.-

1'1 to 23 inclusive and there designated by reierence number 25, each contain a plurality Iof spaced tubes or rods 26 which serve to attach the slab to hanger-clips or brackets I0, which, asv

illustrated in Figs. 21 and 22, are attached to stud member I. Fig. 23 illustrates the use i another type of lclip or hanger I3, heretofore escribed. The tubes or ro'ds 26,l extend part way into the slab from its opposite vertical edges and the embedded endsof members 26 are anchored to bars 21, which are embedded in the slab from its horizontal edges. In the case here illustrated, members 26 are threaded into bars 21, although they may be attached thereto in any other desired manner, such as for example, by welding, rolling, swaging, or the like. 'I'he embedded members 26 and 21 may be inserted in the nished slab, or may be included in 'the same as it is fabricated, particularly in case the slabisI cast, molded, or built up of laminated thinner sheets of insulating material. Recesses 26 are provided in the two vertical edges of the slab and extend into the same for a suficient distance t beyond members 26 to accommodate clips I0 or I9. Thus, the protruding ends of members 26.

will clear studs I when the slabs are placed in position in the wall, but will protrude sufliciently from the adjacent edge of the slab to `engage the clipsv or hangers. Preferably, a flange 29 is left on one face of slab along each of its vertical edges. These ilanges register with one face oi' stud members I and cover the same when the slabs are placed in the wall. The opposite i'ace of each stud may be covered by separate blocks or strips 1 of'insulating material and recesses 26 may be plugged with blocks or strips 6 of insulating ma- -terial, so` that the studs are entirely enclosed and protected, or, when desired, plastic insulating material or the like may be substituted for either or both of the members 1 and 8. In the case here illustrated, one horizontal edge of slab 25 is provided with a continuous recess or groove 36 and the opposite horizontal edge of each slab is provided with a continuous protrusion or tongue 3|, so that, when superimposed slabs are placed in position in the wall, the adjacent horizontal edges.- are interlocked in the same manner as illustrated and described in connection with Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6.

` Figs. 24, 25 and 26 illustrate another methodof anchoring rods "32 (which are similar to rods 26 of Figs. 17 to 23 inclusive) into slab 25. In this case rods 32 are provided with al section 33 of reduced diameter, adjacent the end of the rod which is embedded in the slab, and another em- -bedded member 34 (which replaces member 21 of Figs. 17 to 23 inclusive) is provided with a slotted end'35, which engages portion 33 of rod 32. A shoulder 36 is provided on the extreme end of rod 32, in order to securely interlock members 32 and 34, leaving the desired portion of rod 3 2 protruding from the vertical edge of the slab and preventing movement thereof. Although round rods are herel shown for members 32 and 34, any

that a'horizontally disposed pin 36 is employed.- which is similar to but preferably shorter than pin 31 and which preferably does not penetrate of plungers 46 and their complementary mem-y either face of slab 25. The hole left in one face' of the slab when pin 38 is inserted is preferably lledwith insulating material as indicated at 39.

Fig. 3l illustrates how a tapered and threaded member 46 may be employedv in slab 2.3 for attaching the same to the stud members in .a wall through the medium of clips or brackets, such as previosuly illustrated and described. Member 40, preferably has a wide-pitch thread 4I, which permits its being driven into the edge of the -slab and serves to anchor it in the slab.V A shoulder 42 is preferably provided on the protruding end of member to act as a stop, so that member 40 will not be driven too far into the slab.

When desired any of' the attaching members described in connection with Figs. v17 to 3l inclusive may be employed without the anchoring means.

In Figs. 32 and 33, slabs 45 of wall material are inserted between adjacent stud members l and retained in place by spring-actuated bolts, or plungers 46 which engage brackets or clips 41, the latter being attached to the studs by welding or any other desired manner, not illustrated, and lthe bolts or plungers being housed in sheaths 49 which, in turn, are embedded in the slabs at spaced intervals along their vertical edges corresponding to the spacing of members 41. An enlarged cross-sectional detail of stud I and brackets or clips 41, is shown.in Fig. 37, and Fig. 39 is a similar view showing a modified form of bracket or clip 48 attached to stud l. Figs. 36 and 38 are` elevational views of Figs. 37 and 39 respectively. Figs. 34 and 35 are enlarged details bers. Sheath or cylinder 49 in which .plunger 46 is housed, contains a suitable spring 56 which actuates the plunger and normally holds it in an extended position, except when pressure is exerted at its outer end, and a suitable stop is provided adjacent the outer end of plunger 46 and sheath 49. The lstop mechanism, in this particular case,` comprises a groove 5i in the outer end of plunger 46, which is engaged by a deformed endv'portion 52 of sheath 46. The outer end of plunger 49 is cut at an acute angle to its longitudinal axis as indicated at 53 in Fig. 35 and, as slab is placed in position for insertion in the wall, the angular face of the outer end of the plunger rests against the angular face 54 of bracket 41, or the angular face 55 of bracket 48, as the case may be, and pressure exerted upon the face of the slab serves to compress spring and depress the plunger allowing the slab to move into place between the studs, whereupon, when the plunger reaches slot 56 in bracket 41, or opening 51 in bracket 48, as the case may be, the spring forces it into the slot, or opening and locks the 'slabsecurely in place. The preferred form of clip `is illustrated in Figs. 36 and 37, since a slot such as 56 permits a slight variationV in the spacing of the embedded attaching members, so that they do not require as mlnutely accurate spacing in relation to the clips as is the I pair of adjacent studs, in much the same manner as that illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, it :is entirely within the scope of the invention to employ a plate or foundation to or above the ceiling line of the building.

Figs. 40, 41 and 42 illustrate a slab 60 of wall material and Figs. 43 and 44 illustrate how slabs of this type may be 'attached to stud members I in a wall by means of horizontally disposed bars 6l protruding part way into the width of the slab along its horizontal edges and anchored to' the slabl by vertically disposed bars 62 which, in this particular case may be integral with or welded or otherwise attached to bars 6I. Clips or hangers 63 are provided at spacedY intervals along the stud members and members 6I register with the grooves or slots provided in clips 63 to retain the slabs in place. When slabs 60 are employed in the walls of a structure a plurality of such slabs are preferably superimposed between each pair of adjacent studs, in much the same manner as that illustrated in Fig. 11, and

the upper edge of the lowermost slab and with the corresponding clips 63 after the slab is placed in position in the wall with iianges 64'bearing against the faces of the studs. The next higher slab is then placed in the wall with the recesses in its lower edge registering with members 6l and 62, previously installed. The' next pair of attaching members is then inserted in the recesses in the upper edge of the slab, 'and so on until the wall is completed. 'I'he opposite face of each stud is preferably covered and protected by strips or blocks 65 of insulating material, as indicated in Fig. 43 or, when desired, with plastic insulating material.

Figs. 45, 46 and 47 illustrate the use of a modified form of members 6i and 62 of Figs. 40 to 44 inclusive. The modied members are designated in Figs. 45, 46 and 47 by the reference numbers 66 vand 61, respectively. InV this particular embodiment of the invention members 66 are hingedly attached tothe flanges of studs l, as indicated at 66, so that they may be turned back against the web of the studs before slabs 66 are placed in the wall and thus will not interfere with the slab as it is placed. Afterslab 66 is placedwiththeflanged portions 64'bearing against the face of stud i, member 66 may be lowered to edge of the slab to accommodate the same' .and

at the same time member 61 is inserted in a recess provided in the slab, members 66 and 6l being brought into position simultaneously sc that the free end of member 66 engages and protrudes through slot 69 provided in the mid-portion of member 61.

In'the type of wall illustrated in Figs. 48, 49 and 50, wall slabs 16, which extending between adjacent stud members l in the wall, are held in place by means of clips 1| which are rigidly attached to the studs at spaced intervals, by welding, bolting, riveting, or in any other conventional manner,v not shown, and protrude into a groove 12 (see Fig. 51) provided in the vertical edges ofthe slabs.v Members 1l, although here shown as T-bars, may be of any other desired shape such a rectangular bar or strip or an angle, for e mple, havinga leg or straight portionjextending into slot 12. Members 1I are preferablyr attached to the studs before the wall slabs are placed.

Slab 1U, yas shown in Fig. 51, is provided with a recess, indicated at 13 extending from the lower end of slot 12 to the bottom of the slab so that the face of rthe slab adjacentrecess 13 may pass the protruding portion o'f clips 1I, allowing the slabs to be placed between thestuds at a-somewhat higher elevation than their normal position in the wall and, when the ilanges 14 along the opposite face of the slab contact the adjacent face ofthe studs, the slab is lowered to its normal position, allowing clips 1I to enter Suitable blocks or strips I 1 of wall material may be provided to cover member I4 on the outer facing of the Wall and these strips or blocks I1 vare held in place at the bottom, inthe case here illustrated, by a flanged portion 16 `along .the upper edge of slabs 15v and are held in place at the top by spikes I5 vor the like, driven into the strips or blocks I1 through holesv provided at spaced intervals along-the upper flange of member 4.

The faces of the studs opposite those covered by flanged portion 14 of slabs-10 are preferably covered by strips o r blocks 1 o f wall material and recesses-13 in the slabs may be filled with strips or blocks 8. As in the wall structures previously described, plastic material or the like may be substituted for either or both of the strips or blocks 1 and 8.

In the wall illustrated in Figs. 52,7 53 and 54, a plurality of superimposed slabs 80 of wall material extend betweenadjacent studs I'and are held in place by members '8| and 82 and by the interlocking arrangement `provided between the adjoining slabs. Y

Members 8| are here illustrated as rectangular bars, although any othersuitable shape, such as an angle or a Z-bar may be employed, 'when de.-

Vsired, and preferably these members extend between and are attached to the webs of adjacent studs I by welding or in any other desired man ner, before the wall slabs are placed.

Mie top and bottom edges of slabs 80 are profiled, as indicated in Fig 54 in s uch a manner that thev groove 83 provided along the loweredge of each slab may be brought into engagement with the corresponding member 8| and the top'of the slab then tipped into position with the flanged portions 84 along its vertical edges bearing against the adjacent faces oi' the studs (see Fig. Member 82 is then welded, bolted or other- Wise attached in any desired manner to the face of the studs to assistin holding the slab in position and strips or blocks 85 of insulating material, .Y

or suitable insulating material in plastic form is installed'to cover member 82, following which the next highest slab 8l)A may be placed in position in the wall inthe same manner.

The outline of slab 88, shown in dotted lines in Fig. 54, illustrates the vposition of the slab as groove 83 is about to be registered with member 8I. It will be noted that groove 13 is so shaped that, while the slab is retained in the position indicated by the dotted lines in Fig. 54, it maybe lowered suinciently to allow the top of the slab to clear bar 8 I the shape of. slot 83 then allowing the slabto-be tipped into its normal position inthe wall. s

Auxiliary blocks or strips1 of wall material may be applied to the face of the studs opposite the flanged edges-84 of the -wall slabs or, as previously mentioned in connection with other figures of the drawings, plastic insulating `material or the like may be substituted 'for the strips or blocks 1.

The uppermost bar 8I is spaced a shortdista'nce beneath member 4, which surmounts the studs and distributes the superimposed roof vandiloor load thereto, leaving a space between the top-of.V

uppermost slab 88 and the bottom flange4 of mem,- ber 4. This space, in the particular case here illustrated, is fllled between adjacent studs by two slabs 86 and 81 of wall material which are held in place by spikes or the like indicated at I5, the spikes being driven through holes provided in the lower ange of member 4 into the slabs.

With further reference to the relation of adjacent slabs to each other and to the retaining means therefor, it will beI noted that, although the recesses provided along` the lower edge of these slabs for receiving bars 8| are preferably somewhat-larger than the bars, one face of the recess preferably rests snugly against one face of bar 8|preventing movement of the lower end :of the slab in one direction. .The `lower end of the slab is prevented from moving in the opposite direction by its angular bearing along line 88 with the top ofthe adjacent slab, the latter being, in

' turn, preventedfrom movement in this direction lby bar 82 and, in the opposite direction, by its angularline ofbearing, asindicated at 88, with the lower edge ofthe next higher slab. Thus the slabs 88 are firmly held in place along both theirtop and bottom edges by bars 8| and 82 and'by the interlocking arrangement provided between vadjacent slabs.

Except for the specific form of wall slabs employed and their method and means of installation and attachment to the studs, as above outlined,.the wall illustrated in-Figs. 52,v 53 and 54l may be constructed in substantially the same way as illustrated and described in connection with the other figures of the drawings,v and is so illustrated. The reference numbers in Figs. 52u, 53 and 54, which correspond to the reference numbers employed in the'other gures of the drawings, refer to the same elements of wall. i

Fig. 55, as previously mentioned, illustrates a cross-section through the side-wall, iloors, ,ceiling and roof of a portion of a typical two-story structure, employing features'of thel invention. This structure employs a conventional poured concrete foundation, the upper portion of one wall of which 'is indicated at 3. A base plate 2 is provided in the foundation-for the outer walls of the struc- .ture and in this particular case, comprises a channel with its flanges embedded in the concrete desired. f

foundation' and whichvv is also preferably retainedl by anchorbolts or thel like, not illustrated. A V'ilat plate, channel, I or H beam, or the like may,

ofcourse, be substituted by channel 2, when 'In Wood- Joists are illustrated in this particular embodiment of the'invention, although metal or concrete joists or the like of any. desired form may be employed, when desired. The nrst licor are attached to the studs, is the same as that of' joists 90 may rest upon foundation 3 or, preferably, as here illustrated, upon a suitable wood plate 9|, which may be anchored to the foundation in any well known manner, not illustrated,

and a header 92 may also 'be provided for joists 90, when desired. A sub-floor 93. and a inished iloor 92 of conventional form are here shown, although any desired type and form of floor materials maybe employed.,

The construction of the second floor may be substantially the same as that of the rst. except that the ends -of joists 95 rest upon a ange of member 4, which in-tum, is supported by and distributes the superimposed lload to the spaced' first floor stud members I. A sub-iioor 93' and a iinished iioor 94' are also provided over the second oor joists 95, and, in the case here illustrated, the first floor ceiling, which is supported by josts 95, comprises sheets 96 of rigid insulated material, or the like, nailed to the joists in any conventional manner, not illustrated. Plaster, indicated at 97, may be applied to the under surface of sheets 96 to nish the ceiling.

Spaced stud members i' for the outer walls of the second-,story are mounted upon lthe upper iiange of member 6 and surmounted by a horizontal member 98, which in this particular case,

is illustrated as a T-bar, one iiange of which receives the second-story ceiling joists 99. lThe second-story ceiling may be finished in the same manner as the first-story ceiling, as indicated at 95 and Si'.

Rafters |00, in the particular' case here illustrated, are notched adjacent their lower ends as indicated at |0l and thereby supported on Joists '99 to which they may be nailed in-any conventional manner. Suitable sheathing 902 and shingles |03 of any conventional form are attached to rafters 00 in the usual manner.

The portions of the 'structure so iar described are conventional and are 'intended to illustrate how conventional roof, iioor and ceiling construction may be employed in conjunction with the features ofthe invention, which is particularly concerned with the outer walls of the structure. It is, of course,.to be understood that any other conventional, as well as special types of roof, floor and ceiling construction may be employed in conjunction with the features of the invention and lsuch departures from the construction here iilustrated are entirely Within the scope of the invention. A

Stud members l and l', in the particular case here illustrated, are preferably of metal and may comprise standard or special I beams, H columns, channels, T-bars, angles or the like, orspecial drawn, stamped or formed metal shapes of any desired type, may be employed. Wood studs may be employed, when desired, but, in-such cases,

wood beams are preferably substituted for the metal members 2, t and 95.

The metal'studs may be Welded at their top and bottom ends to members 2, 4 and 98, or may be. attached thereto by bolting, riveting, or any otherlThe description of wall slabs 25 of.

Figs.A 17 to 20 inclusive, above described, and the reference numbers in Fig. 55 corresponding to those of Figs. 17 to 20 inclusive, indicating the same members `of the outer wall structure. Relatively narrow auxiliary slabspblocks, or strips |04 and |05 are provided to ll the space left between the top of' slabs25 and member 4 and 98, respectively, these auxiliary members being held in place by spikes or the like I5, which are inserted intomembers I 04 and |05 through holes provided at spaced intervals along the iianges of members 4 and 98, respectively.

Although wood-siding isindicated at |06, in Fig. 55, the invention contemplates the use of any desired type of exterior finish for the wall slabs, v

such as, for example, brick or stone veneer, stucco,

metal siding, or'the like.- Exterior nishes, such as plywood, or sheets of any other desired material which is suiiiciently resistant to deterioration from moisture and varying weather conditions, may be applied to the slabs after they are installed or may be furnished integral with the individual wall slabs, being attached, in the latter case, to the underlying surface of the slabs by glueing, or in any other desired manner.

A plaster finish |01, applied directly to the interior surface of the Wall slabs, is here illustrated, although the invention contemplates the use of any other accepted type of interior finish, such as for example, wood or plywood panels, metal sheets, tiling or similated tile, linoleum, or the like, which may be integral with the slabs as they are installed, or may be attached thereto in any desired manner after the slabs. are installed in the wall. Reinforced'mesh, such as expanded metal lath, or the like, may beemployed with plaster or other plastic nishes on the interior surface of the wall. when desired, as well as with the stucco iinlshes, or the like, for the Aexterior surface.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that the invention provides a number of related but nonequivalent methods and means of attaching relatively thick slabs of wall materials to spaced stud members in the walls of a structure. Each of these methods and means is particularly well adapted to use with wall slabs composed primarily' of the so-called rigid type of heat-insulating materials such as gypsum blocks, slabs of insulation composed of brous materials, of vegetable, animal or mineral origin, as well ras other types of insulating slabs or blocks such as; for example,I

do not materially decrease the overall e'iciency of the insulating material used and eliminate penetrating members of high heat conductivity. However, the invention is not limited to the use of materials of good heat insulating quality for the wall slabs, since the methods and means herein provided for attaching the slabs to spaced stud members will a^lso prove advantageous for attaching other types of wall materials, particularly in certain types of buildings where a high.,

degree of insulating eiiiciency is not essential. Molded or precast slabs ofv hydraulic cement. concrete, natural or synthetic resins, ceramic materials and the like may be attached to the iraming members of any type of structure in the manner and by the means herein provided.

As applied to buildings such as houses, office buildings, factories and the like, any desired form and type of interior and exteriorwall materials may be utilized in conjunction with the wall slabs. When plaster is employed as an interior nish it is preferably applied directly to the interior surface of the slabs although-expanded metal lath, wire mesh or 'the like may,.of course, be utilized asa base, when desired. Stucco and kellastone-or the like may be applied to the exy terior surface of the slabs either without or, preferably, with a suitable reinforcing mesh. Brick or stone veneer may be applied over the slabs and wood or metal siding of any desired type as well aswood or composition shingles may be employed as an external nish. When wood siding, shin-v gles or panels `oi' wood, metal or composite materials are employed suitable nailing strips may be anchored to the slabs in any desired manner vsuch as, for example, by embedding or anchoring bolts, metal clips or the like in the insulating material and attaching the same to the nailing strips. Masonry veneer may also be anchored to the slabs in a similar manner.

studs such as I beams or H columns are shown in the illustrations, wood framing may be employed with equal facility, in which case the wood studs y may be of either square, rectangular, I or H shape .ing the wall slabs, herein' illustrated and described. v

I claim as my invention:

1. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs yof wall material extending between adjacent studs, auxiliary members em*- Ybedded in the slabs at spaced intervalasaid -auxiliary members protruding only from edges of the slabs and being adapted to pass between the inner edges of adjacent studs, and means ior attaching the protruding portions of said auxiliary members to the studs, whereby to maintain the slabs in position in the wall, one face of said slabs substantially completely covering said stud members.

- 2. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of insulating vmaterial extending between adjacent studs, attaching means for the slabs disposed on said studs at spaced intervals, auxiliary relatively slender members partially embedded in said slabs at spaced intervals and adapted to pass between the inner edges of adjacent studs and means for engaging portions of said auxiliary members which protrude from the slabs with said attaching means on the studs, whereby to attach the slabs to the studs, said wall being further characterized in that the studs, at-

taching means and auxiliary members are cov ered on a face of the wall by a substantial thickness of insulation. l

3. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced studmembers, a plurality of superimposed slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, auxiliary members engaging recesses'pro-- vided along the abutting horizontal edges of adjoining slabs, a-portion of said auxiliaryv members protruding'from opposite vertical edges of said adjoining slabs, attaching means forthe-slabs attached to said studs and provided with openings,`

and means for entering said protruding ends of the auxiliary member into said openings in the attaching means, whereby to attach the slabs to the studs.

4. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced` stud members, a slab of insulating material extending between adjacent studs, brackets attached to said studs and lprovided with openings, relatively slender auxiliary members extending only part way into the slab at spaced intervals along the vertical edges thereof adjacent the studs, end portions of said auxiliary members stud members, aslab of insulating material ex- 1 tending between adjacent studs, suspending means attached to said studs at spaced intervals, relatively slender auxiliary members extending only part way'into the slabs at spaced intermediate points along the vertical edges thereof adjacent the studs, end portions of said auxiliary members protrudingV from' said vertical edges, hooks attached to said protruding ends of 'the auxiliary members and means for engaging said hooks with said suspending means, whereby to attach the slab to the studs.

6. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, a plurality of4 superimposed slabs of Vwall material extending between adjacent studs, 'the abutting horizontal edges of adjoining slabs being provided with corresponding recesses, bars extending only part way into the slag from opposite vertical edges thereof, said bars being disposed in said recesses and one end of each of said barskprotruding from the corresponding ver.- tical edges of the slabs, and means for attaching ythe protruding ends of said bars to the studs,

whereby to attach the lslabs tothe studs.

7. A Wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, ai plurality of slabs of insulating material disposedA in superimposed relation between adjacent studs, auxiliary members attached to the studs vrand protrudingA from' the edges 'of the latter adjacent 'the slabs at'spaced intervals, recesses in one face of each slab along its edges adjacent the studs, said recesses permitting the slabs to be placed in position between the studs and grooves in the slabs along the vertical edges thereof adjacent the studs adapted to receive the protruding portions of said auxiliary members, whereby to .attach the slabs to the studs.

8. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced vertical stud members, spaced horizontal members extending between adjacent studs and attached thereto, slabs of insulating material adapted to be placed between'adjacent studs, said slabs being provided with a groove along one horizontal edge of each adaptedl to receive said vspacedhorizoiital members, and separate hori- 9. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced vertical stud members, spaced horizontal members extending between adjacent studs and autogenously attached thereto, slabs o! insulating material adapted to be placed between adjacent studs, said slabs being provided with a groove along one horizontal edge of each adapted to receive said spaced horizontal members, and separate horizontal members attached to the studs and bearing against the slabs adjacent the opposite horizontal edges thereof, the contour oi said slabs and the location of said horizontal members being such as to retain the slabs in position in the wall.

10. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs being of greater width and length than thickness' and having a front face and rear face, the width of said slabs across said front face being greaterthan the distance between the inner edges of adjacent studs, attaching means for said slabs disposed on said studs at spaced intervals, auxiliary members embedded in said slabs at spaced intervals, portions of said auxiliary members protruding from said slabs a distance short of the edges of said front face, and means for engaging portions of said protruding memberswith said attaching means on the studs whereby to attach said slabs to said studs.

1l. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs bewinJg/oilgreat=/i er width and lengthtllalthicless and having slabs across said front 'face being greater than the distance between the inner edges'of adjacent studs, attaching means of said slabs disposed on said studs at spaced intervals, auxiliary members extending through the slabs and disposed at spaced intervals intermediate the topv auxiliary members protruding from said slabs a disposed on said studs at spaced intervals, auxiliary relatively slender members extending .into the slab -at spaced intermediate pointsalong the vertical edges thereof, said auxiliary members `having portions which protrude from said vertical edges of the slab a distance short of the edges of said iront face, and means ior entering said protruding portions of the auxiliary members into the openings in said brackets whereby to attach the slabs to the studs.

14. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs being of greater width and length than thickness and having a front face and rear face, the width of said slabs across said front face being greater than the distance between the inner edges of adjacent studs, brackets attached to the studs at spaced intervals and provided with slots, relatively slender auxiliary members extending, into auxiliary members in the slots of said brackets,

whereby to attach the slab tothe studs.

15. A wall comprising, inc n ibiigtigngspacedw stugLmembersalab of ins ating material extending between adjacent studs, sheaths embedded in the slab at spaced intervals along the edges of the slab adjacent the studs, movable plungers in said sheaths, a spring urging each. loi' said plungers from its sheath and from the adjacent edge portion of the slab, means permitting onlyan end portion of each plunger to protrude from the sheath, and from the adjacent edge portion oi.' the slab; and means for engaging the protruding end of each plunger with the adjacent Vstud, whereby to attach the slab to distance Short Of the edges f Sig/fltfae, the studs, plunger engaging means compris..

and means for engaging/portions of said pro-I truding membe/rs/. Vith said attaching means on 'messa winreby toanacn'said slabs to said studs.

stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs being' of greater width and length than thickness andhaving a front face and rear face, the-width oi' said slabs across said front face being greater than the distance between the inner edges of adjacent studs, suspending means for the slabs attached to said studs at spaced intervals and provided with openings adapted to receive separate suspending means embedded in said slabs, said suspending means in the slabs comprising rela-v tively slender auxiliary members disposed at spaced intermediate `points in opposite vertical ends of the slabs and having portions protruding -from said ends of said slabs'v a distance short of the edges of said front face, said protruding portions extending into said openings in the suspending means on the studs, whereby t9 retain the slabs in place in said wall.l

13. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs being of greater width and length than thickness and having a front face and rear face, the width of said slabs across said front face being greater 12. A wall comprising,- in combination, lspaced ing spaced clips attached to the studs, said clips being provided with elongated openings extending parallel to the vertical axis'oi lthevstud and adapted to receive said plungers.

16. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced stud members, slabs of wall material extending between adjacent studs, said slabs being of greater width and length than thickness and having a front face and rear face, the width of said slabs across said front face being greater than the distance between the inner edges of adjacent studs, a groove in the slab along each vertical edge thereof adjacent the studs, and auxiliary members for attaching the slab to the studs, said auxiliary members being rigidly attached to the studs and extending past the vertical edges thereof into said recesses in the slab.

17. A wall comprising, in combination, spaced l .greater width andclength than thickness, Vsupports attached to the studs st spaced intervals and provided with slots. slender suxiliry members extending into the slabs, and trading therefrom, said auxiliary members beins. .adapted to pass'between. the vertical edges ofv adjacent studs, and means for suspending the protruding portions f said auxiliary members 'in' the slots of-saidsupports whereby to attach 4. i

theslabto the studs. s A, v A JACQUI C. om 

